Geothermal Energy - Tapping the Earths Heat Supply

Geothermal Energy - Tapping the Earths Heat Supply As the costs of fuel and electricity rise, geothermal energy has a promising future. Underground heat can be found anywhere on Earth, not just where oil is pumped, coal is mined, where the sun shines or where the wind blows. And it produces around the clock, all the time, with relatively little management needed. Heres how geothermal energy works. Geothermal Gradients No matter where you are, if you drill down through the Earths crust you will eventually hit red-hot rock. Miners first noticed in the Middle Ages that deep mines are warm at the bottom, and careful measurements since that time have found that once you get past surface fluctuations, solid rock grows steadily warmer with depth. On average, this geothermal gradient is about one degree Celsius for every 40 meters in depth or 25 C per kilometer. But averages are just averages. In detail, the geothermal gradient is much higher and lower in different places. High gradients require one of two things: hot magma rising close to the surface, or abundant cracks allowing groundwater to carry heat efficiently to the surface. Either one is sufficient for energy production, but having both is best. Spreading Zones Magma rises where the crust is being stretched apart to let it rise- in divergent zones. This happens in the volcanic arcs above most subduction zones, for instance, and in other areas of crustal extension. The worlds largest zone of extension is the mid-ocean ridge system, where the famous, sizzling-hot black smokers are found. It would be great if we could tap heat from the spreading ridges, but that is possible in only two places, Iceland and the Salton Trough of California (and Jan Mayen Land in the Arctic Ocean, where no one lives). Areas of continental spreading are the next-best possibility. Good examples are the Basin and Range region in the American West and East Africas Great Rift Valley. Here there are many areas of hot rocks that overlie young magma intrusions. The heat is available if we can get to it by drilling, then start extracting the heat by pumping water through the hot rock. Fracture Zones Hot springs and geysers throughout the Basin and Range point to the importance of fractures. Without the fractures, there is no hot spring, only hidden potential. Fractures support hot springs in many other places where the crust is not stretching. The famous Warm Springs in Georgia is an example, a place where no lava has flowed in 200 million years. Steam Fields The very best places to tap geothermal heat have high temperatures and abundant fractures. Deep in the ground, the fracture spaces are filled with pure superheated steam, while groundwater and minerals in the cooler zone above seal in the pressure. Tapping into one of these dry-steam zones is like having a giant steam boiler handy that you can plug into a turbine to generate electricity. The best place in the world for this is off limits- Yellowstone National Park. There are only three dry-steam fields producing power today: Lardarello in Italy, Wairakei in New Zealand and The Geysers in California. Other steam fields are wet- they produce boiling water as well as steam. Their efficiency is less than the dry-steam fields, but hundreds of them are still making a profit. A major example is the Coso geothermal field in eastern California. Geothermal energy plants can be started in hot dry rock simply by drilling down to it and fracturing it. Then water is pumped down to it and the heat is harvested in steam or hot water. Electricity is produced either by flashing the pressurized hot water into steam at surface pressures or by using a second working fluid (such as water or ammonia) in a separate plumbing system to extract and convert the heat. Novel compounds are under development as working fluids that could boost efficiency enough to change the game. Lesser Sources Ordinary hot water is useful for energy even if it isnt suitable for generating electricity. The heat itself is useful in factory processes or just for heating buildings. The entire nation of Iceland is almost completely self-sufficient in energy thanks to geothermal sources, both hot and warm, that do everything from driving turbines to heating greenhouses. Geothermal possibilities of all these kinds are shown in a national map of geothermal potential issued on Google Earth in 2011. The study that created this map estimated that America has ten times as much geothermal potential as the energy in all of its coal beds. Useful energy can be obtained even in shallow holes, where the ground isnt hot. Heat pumps can cool a building during summer and warm it during winter, just by moving heat from whichever place is warmer. Similar schemes work in lakes, where dense, cold water lies on the lake bottom. Cornell Universitys lake source cooling system is a notable example. Earths Heat Source To a first approximation, Earths heat comes from radioactive decay of three elements: uranium, thorium, and potassium. We think that the iron core has almost none of these, while the overlying mantle has only small amounts. The crust, just 1 percent of the Earths bulk, holds about half as much of these radiogenic elements as the whole mantle beneath it (which is 67% of the Earth). In effect, the crust acts like an electric blanket upon the rest of the planet. Lesser amounts of heat are produced by various physicochemical means: freezing of liquid iron in the inner core, mineral phase changes, impacts from outer space, friction from Earth tides and more. And a significant amount of heat flows out of the Earth simply because the planet is cooling, as it has since its birth 4.6 billion years ago. The exact numbers for all these factors are highly uncertain because the Earths heat budget relies on details of the planets structure, which is still being discovered. Also, Earth has evolved, and we cannot assume what its structure was during the deep past. Finally, plate-tectonic motions of the crust have been rearranging that electric blanket for eons. The Earths heat budget is a contentious topic among specialists. Thankfully, we can exploit geothermal energy without that knowledge.

The 1st Punic War

The 1st Punic War One of the problems with writing ancient history is that much of the data  just isnt available any longer. The evidence for early Roman history is notoriously problematic. Roman historians developed extensive narratives, preserved most fully for us in two histories written in the late ï ¬ rst century bc, by Livy and by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (the latter in Greek, and fully extant only for the period down to 443 bc). However, Roman historical writing only began in the late third century bc, and it is clear that the early accounts were greatly elaborated by later writers. For the period of the kings, most of what we are told is legend or imaginative reconstruction.Warfare and the Army in Early Rome,- A Companion to the Roman Army Eyewitnesses are in particularly short supply. Even second-hand accounts can be hard to come by, so its significant that in their A History of Rome, historians M. Cary and H.H. Scullard say that unlike earlier periods of Rome, the history of the period of the First Punic War comes from annalists who had contact with actual eye-witnesses. Rome and Carthage fought the Punic Wars during the span of years from 264 to 146 B.C. With both sides well-matched, the first two wars dragged on and on; eventual victory went, not to the winner of a decisive battle, but to the side with the greatest stamina. The Third Punic War was something else entirely. Carthage and Rome In 509 B.C. Carthage and Rome signed a friendship treaty. In 306, by which time the Romans had conquered almost the entire Italian peninsula, the two powers reciprocally recognized a Roman sphere of influence over Italy and a Carthaginian one over Sicily. But Italy was determined to secure dominance over all of Magna Graecia (the areas settled by Greeks in and around Italy), even if it meant interfering with the dominance of Carthage in Sicily. The First Punic Wars Begin Turmoil in Messana, Sicily, provided the opportunity the Romans were looking for. Mamertine mercenaries controlled Messana, so when Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, attacked the Mamertines, the Mamertines asked the Phoenicians for help. They obliged and sent in a Carthaginian garrison. Then, having second thoughts about the Carthaginian military presence, the Mamertines turned to the Romans for help. The Romans sent in an expeditionary force, small, but sufficient to send the Phoenician garrison back to Carthage. Carthage responded by sending in a larger force, to which the Romans responded with a full consular army. In 262 B.C. Rome won many small victories, giving it control over almost the entire island. But the Romans needed control of the sea for final victory and Carthage was a naval power. The First Punic War  Concludes With both sides balanced, the war between Rome and Carthage continued for 20 more years until the war-weary Phoenicians just gave up in 241. According to J.F. Lazenby, author of The First Punic War, To Rome, wars ended when the Republic dictated its terms to a defeated enemy; to Carthage, wars ended with a negotiated settlement. At the end of the First Punic War, Rome won a new province, Sicily, and began to look further. (This made the Romans empire builders.) Carthage, on the other hand, had to compensate Rome for its heavy losses. Although the tribute was steep, it didnt keep Carthage from continuing as a world-class trading power. Source Frank Smitha The Rise of Rome

Sum up the key points of these 4 reading as a presentation draft Outline

Sum up the key points of these 4 reading as a presentation draft - Outline Example Examples of clients were prostitutes and petty offenders but the CLHs were distinct from facilities for convicts. Social investigation that developed in early 1980s and involved enlightenment and perspectives facilitated development of the history of CLHs. The facilities were further filthy despite their environment that upheld cleanliness. The outcasts could be identified from their moral and physical orientations and even though they resented civilization to represent a more ancient generation, they depicted aspects of civilization. Investigations could therefore classify them as both outcasts and members of the society. The lodgings were further classified as heterotopias and membership was controlled by set of rules. Heterotopy was evident from existence of ignorance and intelligence, idleness and industry, animosity and affection, decadence and Godliness, and bodily indifference and affirmation. By laws initially governed the CLHs but acts such as the Town Improvement Clause act , Common Lodging Houses Act, and the Public Health Act were later enacted to govern the Common Lodging Houses. Despite existence of the regulations that were initially associated with success, there were rebellion and negligence in enforcing the regulations as data shows number of punished cases for breach of the regulations. Negligence among enforcement officers was also common and some offenders were caught and charged. In response to the negligence, authorities preferred dialogue instead of the legal process, an approach that could have further facilitated breach of the established status. Authorities however undertook frequent checks for promoting adherence to existing rules but diversity among the lodgers and their desired freedom limited governance initiatives such as transformation of the scope of the CLHs (Crook 2008, p. 414- 436). The study explores the scope and role of public baths in Victoria and associates the bath with power, freedom, and

International Management Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Management - Scholarship Essay Example As the essay disxcusses advancement and progress of Hungarian subsidiaries has occurred only to a limited extent and mostly in terms of scale, quality and elasticity of operations. The subsidiaries were unable to extend the required capabilities for a functional shift although the outer surroundings were by and large encouraging, and it served as the main reason why it was present in as absenting control center assignments in ethnocentric German activities. Regarding the future research of the subsidiary development, investigations slackness and flabbiness should be taken into account. Most probably the subsidiaries would upgrade when the rate of development of the host country takes a rise due to the spread out effects which are a resultant of government subsidies and better market opportunities. One such prominent example is the progress and development seen in the Canadian subsidiaries. From the report findings subsidiary typology research has been observed to pursue distinct patterns, both theoretically and empirically. Most likely, typologies are frequently generated as second-order impacts from practical or idealized plans and strategies for controlling global operations with subsidiary types pertaining to the parts they play in various types of different international strategies. Subsidiary roles can also be called as a result of a development of the multinational's increasing obligation towards global markets.... the increasing advancement in the multinational's mounting dedication towards international markets has also been of significance to the subsidiary roles. Generally, according to the results a considerable freedom in the act of decision-making regarding the production and operational issues was enjoyed by the subsidiaries; the long-term strategic decisions, for instance tactical planning or restricting performance criteria. (K, 2005) Advancement and progress of Hungarian subsidiaries has occurred only to a limited extent and mostly in terms of scale, quality and elasticity of operations. Thesubsidiaries were unable to extend the required capabilities for a functional shift although the outer surroundings were by and large encouraging, and it served as the main reason why it was present in as absenting control center assignments in ethnocentric German activities. Regarding the future research of the subsidiary development, investigations slackness and flabbiness should be taken into account. Most probably the subsidiaries would upgrade when the rate of development of the host country takes a rise due to the spread out effects which are a resultant of government subsidies and better market opportunities. One such prominent example is the progress and development seen in the Canadian subsidiaries. Subsidiary typology research has been observed to pursue distinct patterns, both theoretically and empirically. Most likely, typologies are frequently generated as second-order impacts from practical or idealized plans and strategies for controlling global operations with subsidiary types pertaining to the parts they play in various types of different international strategies. Subsidiary roles can also be called as a result of a development of the multinational's increasing

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Depiction of Anglo-Saxon Society in Beowulf

The Depiction of Anglo-Saxon Society in Beowulf The Old-English or Anglo-Saxon era extends from about 450 to 1066. The Germanic tribes from the Continent who overran England in the fifth century, after the Roman withdrawal, brought with them a language that is the basis of modern English, a specific poetic tradition, and a relatively advanced society. All of these qualities and spirit are exemplified in the eighth-century epic poem Beowulf. To begin with, much of the Old English poetry was probably intended to be chanted, with harp accompaniment, by the Anglo-Saxon scop. In Beowulf, the scop entertains warriors at Heorot, also known as The Hall of Hart. Often masculine and strong, but also mournful in spirit, the stories emphasize the sorrow and ultimate futility of man's lot and his helplessness before the power of fate. Beowulf, composed in 750 A.D., was originally handed down in the same oral tradition. In 1000 A.D. the epic poem was preserved by monastic copyists in a written manuscript. In addition, Beowulf reflects Anglo-Saxon poetic traits. The poetry is composed without rhyme, in a characteristic line, or verse, of four stressed syllables alternating with an indeterminate number of unstressed ones. This line strikes strangely on ears habituated to the usual modern pattern, in which the rhythmical unity, theoretically consists of a constant number of unaccented syllables that always precede or follow any stressed syllable. Another unfamiliar but equally striking feature in the formal character of Old English poetry is struct... ...ure of pagan or idolatry worshipping and Christianity are evident in Beowulf. For example, Christianity is displayed in a paraphrase of Genesis in which "A skillful bard sang the ancient story/ Of man's creation" (lines 88-89). On the other hand, pagan beliefs are obvious in the description of the Geats as "Boar-heads glittered on glistening helmets" (line 298). Although the Anglo-Saxons were leaning toward Christianity, they still had skeletons in the closet. Beowulf functions as a historical document to depict a collage of Germanic societies. It represents a relatively advanced eighth-century Anglo-Saxon nation recently converted to Christianity that looks on its Scandinavian past with pride. Beowulf also reflects a society with an elevated understanding of the values of civilization.

Altruism in Society Campaign: Domestic Violence Essay

Domestic violence has become America’s most common crime and tragically its least reported. The percentages are overwhelming, and the statistics can be â€Å"hard to swallow,† but it is important to remember that behind each statistic is face with a name. The impact of violence is far reaching. How does a mother survive, not just the blows to her body, but the terror and fear written on her child’s heart and reflected in her child’s eyes?Domestic violence is defined as abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another partner. It can be physical, sexual, emotional, economic, or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone. (USDOJ, 2009)It has been said that, â€Å"Domestic violence is America’s hidden w ar. And the battleground is in all our homes.† The truth of that statement is seen in the following statistics presented by Shank and Hunter (2009):Current estimates reveal that every 15 seconds an act of domestic violence occurs somewhere in the United States. Every 6 hours a woman is battered to death. Annually that translates into more than 2.5 million victims per year. And more than 1 million of those victims, primarily women, will have to seek medical assistance for injuries caused by battering. It is nearly impossible to comprehend the devastation and destruction that happens with a swift punch to the face or kick in the gut. Imagine yourself fleeing from an abusive partner in the middle of the night with two children, six dollars in your purse and the clothes you’re wearing. Where will you go? And if you manage to make it out alive, how will you support yourself?Here again the statistics reveal (http://www.silentwitness.net/sub/latest_reserch.htm#half) that this crisis has reached epidemic proportions:Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women between the ages of 15-44. Children are involved in 60% of domestic violence cases and more than three million of them will witness firsthand acts of domestic violence each year. Up to 50% of all homeless women and children are fleeing domestic violence. One in 10 calls made to alert police of domestic violence is placed by a child in the home. More than 53% of male abusers beat their children. One of every three abused children becomes an adult abuser or victim and research confirms that frequent exposure to violence not only predisposes children to social and physical problems, but also teaches them that violence is a normal way of life thus increasing their risk of becoming society’s next generation of victims and abusers. We, as a society and as individuals simply must grapple with the reality that every incidence of domestic violence a child witnesses changes that wiring in ways that can cause problems in development: excessive irritability, sleep issues, fear of being alone, difficulty in acquiring and using language. Boys who witness domestic violence between their parents are twice as likely to become abusive toward their own spouses†¦and girls are at higher risk of entering and remaining in an abusive relationship. Direct service programs that will help mothers and their children as they face new and different challenges must be created. They need access to legal, financial and emotional counseling to assist in making sense of the new realities, including networking opportunities for employment and housing that will make it possible for her to turn this new safety into a new future. According to family theory family abuse is a result of members who act by omission or commission physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, or other forms of maltreatment that hampers individual healthy development. (Olson) Coping abilities include education, training, and utilization of resources. Adaptive models of behavior affect physiological and psychological well being. Self-concept, role functions, and interdependent relations are some of the area identified as needs. Ineffective response to abuse leads to disruption in the integrity of the  family, psychological trauma affects functioning by increasing stress and decreasing morale. (Pejic, 2005)The Campaign†Domestic violence is control by one partner over another in a dating, marital or live-in relationship. Domestic violence occurs in every culture, country and age group. It affects people from all socioeconomic, educational and religious backgrounds and takes place in same sex as well as heterosexual relationships†¦. Children are also affected by domestic violence, even if they do not witness it directly.† (APA, 2009) Domestic violence is a global problem, and it is in need of a global solution. Statistically, children raised around domestic violence are more likely to become the next generation of abusers and victims. Therefore, a campaign directed at children, with the right message from the people who have survived it, would be the most plausible option for cutting down on domestic violence. There are many programs available for victims of domestic abuse. There are hotlines and help centers, there are local centers, and there are financial programs to help victims get out of dangerous situations. There are very few programs targeting children specifically, and there are no programs that target children on a mass level. If a program could be launched through the school systems, from the perspective of people who were once victims, that focused on educating children about domestic violence and offered assistance for them and their families, hypothetically, the rate of domestic violence should have an immediate decrease and a dramatic decrease over time. Programs like D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) are around to teach children how to say no to drugs on a mass level. Schools across the nation support this program, and many schools have a â€Å"Drug Week† where drug awareness is promoted. If domestic violence awareness could be approached on the same level, more children could be reached. There are many children and adults suffering silently as they deal with domestic violence. Children should always have an outlet for their experiences, and having a person whom handles the situations they are dealing with available through their schools can provide that outlet. School counselors may open the school year with the standard introduction to whom they are and what they do, but, when dealing with domestic violence specifically, the students may need more  encouragement than that. Schools could easily devote more time to domestic violence awareness and make it known to their students that they have the ability to provide services and find providers of services for their students. While increasing the promotion of awareness comes at an expense, all those involved are, in a sense, helping themselves. Considering that the health related costs of rape, physical assault, stalking and homicide exceed 4.1 billion dollars each year for direct medical and mental health services, and, according to a 1994 study, 37% of all emergency room visits were for violence related injuries, the cost of this type of program would be minimal for the possible benefits. Also, the former victims are able to work through their past experiences while sharing and helping the next generation. The individuals and companies that would be involved in funding would be protecting future generations; the next abuse victim could be anybody’s son, daughter, or grandchild; all abuse victims are somebody’s child, sibling, or parent. It is in everybody’s best interest to support domestic violence awareness. â€Å"In the long run, [this] helping behavior benefits the giver as well as the receiver.† (Myers, 2009, p. 429)The cost and time of setting up the additional awareness education would be the biggest setback for those interested in launching the program. The project’s effectiveness would be a long-term consideration. The immediate and short-term benefits would still be worth the effort. If one child goes home to a safer environment and a happier family, the project has succeeded. Providing children with information on domestic violence and opening the doorway to communication gives them the chance to come forward with the situations they’re dealing with. Knowing that there is somebody available in their school with connections to various forms of assistance might make the difference in a child silently living with abuse in his or her home. Victims and abusers are found in every social and economic class, race, religious group, and sexual orientation and without intervention, the cycle of violence will continue. That’s why it’s crucial that people work together to support women escaping the danger in their homes. For a woman escaping domestic violence to be really free, she must have a path forward. People simply cannot be silent observers but must become passionate advocates. Society must not allow elected officials, or policy makers, or bureaucrats, or disinterested community members ignore the tragedy of domestic violence and its impact on our children and our children’s children. Society must support local and national efforts that provide direct services to those impacted by domestic violence as everybody should to be educated on how to be a source of help to those needing to flee an abusive situation. Research indicates that domestic homicide is considered the most predictable and preventable of all homicides therefore, the ultimate goal of any intervention is to help save the lives of domestic violence victims and provide tangible hope and healing to the courageous woman who break free from the nightmare of domestic violence but need assistance in order to build a new life, one that does not resemble her previous one. Women battle, sometimes hourly, to free themselves from the cycle of domestic violence whether physical, emotional or sexual, and may have long since abandoned her dreams of peace and safety. So the next time you hear someone say, â€Å"It’s not that bad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Share with them this quote by Representative Mark Green of Wisconsin: â€Å"If the numbers we see in domestic violence were applied to terrorism or gang violence, the entire country would be up in arms, and it would be the lead story on the news every night.† Inaction is to condone America’s hidden war. â€Æ'References American Psychiatric Association (2009). Domestic Violence. Retrieved July 7, 2009 from http://healthyminds.org/Main-Topic/Domestic-Violence.aspxMyers, D. G. (2008). Social Psychology (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw−Hill. Olson, L. (2005). A dialectical approach to theorizing about aggression between intimates. Retrieved July 5, 2009 from http://www.ncf/pdf/olsen.pdfPejic, A. (2005). Verbal abuse: a problem for pediatric nurses. Continuing Education Series. Retrieved July 5, 2009 from http://www.pediatricnursing.netShank, S. L., & Hunter, C. (2009). Domestic Violence: Breaking the Silence. Retrieved July 9, 2009, from the National Center of Continuing Education: http://homestudyce.net/onlinecourses/9030.htmlUnited States Department of Justice (2009). About Domestic Violence. Retrieved July 9, 2009 from http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/domviolence.htm

I Want For A Junior Division Course Once You Enroll At The...

1. Required: Please describe how you have prepared for your intended major, including your readiness to succeed in your upper-division courses once you enroll at the university. ================== All throughout my life I’ve been a deeply curious person; wondering who we are, as human beings. What motivates us to act? How do we communicate or form society? Why do we do the things we do? ================== Granted, I wouldn’t have articulated my curiosity in this way, for much of my life. But the interest was always there; whether consciously or not. ================== I remember how, in highschool, I had a tendency to get to know the â€Å"outsiders†: the people who were somehow marginalized from the major groups around me. I’d purposely try to understand their character, befriend them and relate to them where others wouldn’t. ================== I remember countless instances with friends—and strangers, alike—where I tried to help them with their problems; where I tried to understand their point of view. ================== I’ve always found some strange sort of pleasure exploring humanity—and helping humanity-- outside of my own social boundaries; beyond my narrow peer group. And I’ve found great knowledge in not only reading books—but reading people; knowledge which leads me to my life’s calling. ================== I’ve been molded through countless personal, professional, and academic experiences--into the person that I am today: a curious person, an eagerShow MoreRelatedCourse1441 Words   |  6 PagesRequired Question: Please Describe how you have prepared for your intended major, including your readiness to succeed in your upper division courses once you enroll at the university . 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